小结

基于互联网的分享经济在受到广泛关注的同时，也暴露出了很多问题。特别是分享出行、分 享住宿、O2O送餐等代表性的分享经济行业密集曝光出损害劳动者权益、消费者权益和社区 权益的事例，这一现象需要引起重视。从事分享经济的企业实际上经营的是传统的业务，他 们借助互联网技术成为了具有更强垄断能力的赛博中介企业，然后凭借垄断地位推卸本应承 担的责任。以盈利最大化为目标的赛博中介的存在，导致分享经济偏离其协作和分享的本 意，变成了便利的剥削工具。为了解决这些问题，使分享经济回归初心，尽管有若干短期和 中期的解决办法，长远的解决办法应该是消除赛博中介，建设真正去中心化的、合作共有的 分享经济平台。这一过程需要政府、企业、学术、科技多方的共识与协作，它不仅是一个商 业和技术的运动，同时也是一个政治与观念的运动。

1. 《中国分享经济发展报告2016》，http://www.sic.gov.cn/News/86/6011.htm ↩

2. Harvard Business Review. (2015). The Sharing Economy Isn’t About Sharing at All. [online] Available at: https://hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at- all [Accessed 2 Oct. 2016]. ↩

3. 《滴滴：分享经济改变中国》，https://book.douban.com/subject/26800138/

↩

  1. Uber, UBER NEEDS PARTNERS LIKE YOU, https://www.uber.com/a/join ↩

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    ↩

6. 《人民日报》，出租车“两头难”咋变“两头 甜”，http://opinion.people.com.cn/n/2015/0106/c1003-26334278.html ↩

7. 《经济参考报》，“专车”围攻 出租车垄断格局破 冰，http://news.xinhuanet.com/auto/2015-09/15/c_128229759.htm

↩

8. 《中国经济时报》，揭开北京出租车业垄断黑 幕，http://view.news.qq.com/a/20081107/000009.htm ↩

9. 财新网，余晖：出租车是什么垄断，http://opinion.caixin.com/2015-03- 14/100791215.html ↩

10

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11. 北汽九龙股份公司简介，http://www.beiqitaxi.com.cn/ywjy.html

↩

12. 《深圳商报》，深圳滴滴司机超过51万人，http://szsb.sznews.com/html/2016- 09/02/content_3609882.htm

↩

13. 前瞻网，中国网约车用户数达1.59亿人 滴滴出行市场稳居第 一，http://bg.qianzhan.com/report/detail/459/160817-3b685fe2.html

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2 Oct. 2016]. ↩

16. FT中文网，优步与滴滴烧钱大战何时休，http://www.ftchinese.com/story/001068078

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17. 《上海证券报》，滴滴大兼并背后的资本霸权，http://tech.sina.com.cn/i/2016-08- 09/doc-ifxutfpc4884349.shtml

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18. 经济观察网，滴滴收购Uber中国背 后，http://www.eeo.com.cn/2016/0801/290407.shtml

↩

19. 《经济观察报》，专家：滴滴司乘分开计价是分享经济的倒 退，http://news.xinhuanet.com/2016-08/29/c_1119468595.htm ↩

20. 《南方日报》，滴滴优步合并后乘客“被涨价”，http://tech.sina.com.cn/i/2016-09- 21/doc-ifxvyqwa3655008.shtml

↩

21. 36氪，Uber告诉我们：未来你不再拥有资产，拥有的只是使用资产的权 限，https://36kr.com/p/216304.html ↩

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  2. 滴滴出行，关于滴滴出行，http://www.xiaojukeji.com/website/about.html

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  3. 河狸家，招募手艺人，http://www.helijia.com/index.html

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  4. Slee, T. (2014). Why Canada should de-activate Uber. [online] Tom Slee. Available at: http://tomslee.net/2014/11/why-canada-should-de-activate-uber.html [Accessed 7 Oct. 2016]. ↩

  5. Sandronsky, S. (2015). I'm Making Only $2.64 an Hour Working as an Uber Driver. [online] Alternet. Available at: http://www.alternet.org/labor/im-making-only-264-hour- working-uber-driver [Accessed 7 Oct. 2016].

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  6. Baker, D. (2015). Ubernomics. [online] Available at: http://cepr.net/blogs/beat-the- press/ubernomics [Accessed 7 Oct. 2016].

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  7. Furfaro, D. and Roberts, G. (2016). Uber drivers working up to 19 hours a day just to get by. [online] New York Post. Available at: http://nypost.com/2016/02/07/uber- drivers-working-up-to-19-hours-a-day-just-to-get-by/ [Accessed 7 Oct. 2016]. ↩

30. TechWeb，快车老司机吐槽生意难做:从收车下馆子到路边吃煎 饼，http://it.sohu.com/20160914/n468391615.shtml

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31. Sanders, S. (2015). California Labor Commission Rules Uber Driver Is An Employee, Not A Contractor. [online] NPR.org. Available at: [http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/06/17/415262801/california-labor- commission-rules-uber-driver-is-an-employee-not-a-contractor Accessed 8 Oct. 2016].

↩

32. 中青在线，法院建议“饿了么”加强员工道路交通、食品安全方面培 训，http://www.chinanews.com/cj/2016/08-15/7972913.shtml

↩

33. 金杜律师事务所，利用APP运营的新型企业，劳动关系如何认 定？，http://www.kwm.com/zh/cn/knowledge/insights/employment-relationship-in- mobile-app-companies-20160406 ↩

34. Bernhardt, A. (2014). Labor Standards and the Reorganization of Work: Gaps in Data and Research , (100), 1–28.

↩

35. 《新京报》，网约车司机沉浮 记，http://www.bjnews.com.cn/inside/2016/09/30/418690.html

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36. 光明网，外卖O2O食品安全问题频发 监管体系亟需建立，http://shipin.gmw.cn/2016- 06/12/content_20512436.htm ↩

37. 《佛山日报》，短租房日益兴起 安全问题受强烈质 疑，http://news.fs.fang.com/2016-08-16/22465158.htm

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38. 中国酒店行业联盟，反恐法通过后，短租民宿的安全问题怎么 破，http://www.chiass.com/News/D2985 ↩

  1. Begley, S. (2016). Kalamazoo Uber Driver Had a 4.73 Rating Before Rampage. [online] TIME.com. Available at: http://time.com/4233148/kalamazoo-uber-driver-rating- shooting-rampage [Accessed 10 Oct. 2016]. ↩

  2. Hern, A. (2016). Uber's 'safe ride fee' becomes 'booking fee' after $25m settlement over rider safety. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/apr/07/uber-driver-background-check- lawsuit-passenger-safety-california [Accessed 10 Oct. 2016].

    ↩

41. 《京华时报》，17岁女孩遭滴滴司机猥亵40分钟 滴滴欲给予50元补 偿，http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2016-07/23/c_129171755.htm

↩

42. 第一财经，滴滴回应快车司机强奸女乘客:司机此前没犯罪记 录，http://finance.sina.com.cn/chanjing/gsnews/2016-04-11/doc-ifxrcizs7196855.shtml

↩

43. Slee, T. (2014). Why Canada should de-activate Uber. [online] Tom Slee. Available at: http://tomslee.net/2014/11/why-canada-should-de-activate-uber.html [Accessed 7 Oct. 2016]. ↩

44. 《经济日报》，发展分享经济 需防范潜在风险，http://jingjiribao.cn/m/jsp/m- readReort_details.jsp?id=3489 ↩

45. 金杜律师事务所，利用APP运营的新型企业，劳动关系如何认 定？，http://www.kwm.com/zh/cn/knowledge/insights/employment-relationship-in- mobile-app-companies-20160406 ↩

  1. Marchi, A. and Parekh, E. (2015). How the sharing economy can make its case. [online] McKinsey & Company. Available at: http://www.mckinsey.com/business- functions/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/how-the-sharing-economy-can- make-its-case [Accessed 13 Oct. 2016].

    ↩

  2. Slee, T., 2016. What's Yours is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy. Or Books. ↩

48. T. Scholz：《平台合作主义》，陈玉洁译，香港中文大学中华传媒与比较传播研究中 心，2016年 ↩

49. McKinsey & Company. (2016). How blockchains could change the world. [online] Available at: http://www.mckinsey.com/industries/high-tech/our-insights/how- blockchains-could-change-the-world [Accessed 14 Oct. 2016]. ↩

从平台合作主义到协议合作主义？

作者： Matthew Slater 原文出处 翻译：卢睿洋

Matthew Slater做过很多社交与辅助货币的开源软件。他是个游牧者，在他的领域中知晓很多 人和项目的一手信息。2009年他与Tim Anderson共同创立了社区锻造瑞士协会（Swiss association Community Forge），这是一个时间银行和在地交换、贸易系统(Local Exchange

& Trading System简称LETS)的免费主站。他还积极思考、教授与货币相关的问题。2013年他 与Sybille Saint Girons一道创作了“交易大厅游戏”。2015年他和Jem Bendell教授一同开设 了“金钱与社会”慕课。2016年他与Tim Jenkin合写了共同信用（Credit Commons）白皮书。

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